1
4
F Laxague y col. Factores de riesgo de hipocalcemia severa posꢁroidectomía total. Rev Argent Cirug 2020;112(1):9-15
risk factors for hypocalcemia aꢁer thyroid surgery, they
reported that intraoperaꢀve idenꢀficaꢀon and sparing
of the parathyroid glands and their vascularizaꢀon was
■
TABLE 2
Mulꢀvariate analysis
Variable
G1
G2
G3
p
associated with increased risk of transient hypocalce-
mia but with a lower incidence of permanent hypocal-
cemia. The risk of hypocalcemia was higher in paꢀents
with malignant thyroid tumors and when central lymph
node dissecꢀon was performed. Therefore, they con-
cluded that rouꢀne central neck dissecꢀon might be
avoided at least in the differenꢀated thyroid cancer un-
Resecꢀon of the pa-
5%
8.4%
20%
0.037
rathyroid glands
Weight (g)
Age
22
43
32.1
42
43.7
48
0.005
NS
Cancer
30%
22.6%
65%
0.0023
ꢀl a clear demonstrable benefit in terms of long-term
survival15,16. In our experience, lymph node clearance
was not independently associated with hypocalcemia.
Yet, we did not perform rouꢀne central neck dissecꢀon.
They also established a clear differenꢀaꢀon between
both sexes: female sex was idenꢀfied as an indepen-
Head and neck surgeon
66.8%
18%
7%
NS
Discussion
Several factors have been associated with dent risk factor for hypocalcemia17. This variable was
the development of hypocalcemia aꢁer total thyroi- not significant in our cohort of paꢀents on mulꢀvariate
dectomy. Clinical and surgical variables, demographic, analysis.
biochemical and operaꢀve data help surgeons to be
In their study of 1030 paꢀents, Cho et al. iden-
alert to the further development of this complicaꢀon7. ꢀfied 308 (30.1%) with hypocalcemia and established
However, a reliable risk factor for the development of that female sex was an independent risk factor for this
severe hypocalcemia as a postoperaꢀve complicaꢀon complicaꢀon. Yet, the gender raꢀo in their study cohort
has not been idenꢀfied yet8. Therefore, we decided to was disproporꢀonate (865 women vs. 165 men [84%
analyze the risk factors for the development of severe vs. 16%]). Lateral neck dissecꢀon was also found to be a
hypocalcemia aꢁer total thyroidectomy. In our series, significant risk factor for the development of this com-
we found that thyroid gland weight, resecꢀon of the plicaꢀon, considering that none of the paꢀents undergo
parathyroid glands and thyroid cancer had staꢀsꢀcal lateral neck dissecꢀon without central neck dissecꢀon
significance for the development of this complicaꢀon.
as lateral lymph nodes are not close to the parathyroid
Calcium and phosphate metabolism are key glands. They also found an associaꢀon between hypo-
elements in the maintenance of cellular homeostasis. A calcemia and the idenꢀficaꢀon of parathyroid gland ꢀs-
decrease in serum calcium concentraꢀon can generate sue in permanent pathology secꢀons18. We also found
nausea, vomiꢀng, confusion, perioral paresthesia, ꢀn- a significant associaꢀon between this variable and se-
gling in the extremiꢀes, focal or generalized convulsions vere hypocalcemia.
or even lethal cardiac arrhythmias9. Several studies
Although in different studies the risk factors
have invesꢀgated the risk factors associated with the for the development of hypocalcemia aꢁer total thyroi-
development of hypocalcemia aꢁer total thyroidectomy dectomy are mulꢀple, they are all useful to suspect the
to avoid this complicaꢀon and ensure safe discharge development of this complicaꢀon as they help us to be
on postoperaꢀve day one (< 24 hours)10,11. Although alert in the presence of laboratory tests and signs and
manipulaꢀon to idenꢀfy the parathyroid glands during symptoms of this condiꢀon.
surgery to avoid the development of hypocalcemia is
In conclusion, preoperaꢀve, intraoperaꢀve and
not an obligaꢀon, and in fact many authors recommend postoperaꢀve factors contribute to the development of
not to do so12,13 , the anatomy and embryology of the severe hypocalcemia. In our series, these factors were
neck should be well understood to search for, visualize the noꢀced or inadvertent resecꢀon of the parathyroid
and respect the parathyroid glands and their vasculari- glands with subsequent reimplantaꢀon, high weight of
zaꢀon14. In an analysis of 2613 paꢀents, Puzziello et al. the thyroid gland and malignancy. Therefore, we should
found that 757 (28.8%) developed hyocalcemia which pay special aꢂenꢀon to the development of such com-
was severe in only 2.2% of the cases. In their study of plicaꢀon aꢁer thyroid surgery.
Referencias bibliográficas | References
1
2
. Freire AV, Ropelato MG, Ballerini MG, Acha O, Bergadá I, de Pa-
pendieck LG, Chiesa A. Predicꢀng hypocalcemia aꢁer thyroidec-
tomy in children. Surgery. 2014; 156:130-6.
World J Surg. 2000; 24:891-7.
4. Cooper MS, Giꢂoes NJ. Diagnosis and management of hypocalcae-
mia. BMJ. 2008; 336:1298-302.
. Puzziello A, Rosato L, Innaro N, Orlando G, Avenia N, et al. Hypo-
calcemia following thyroid surgery: incidence and risk factors. A
longitudinal mulꢀcenter study comprising 2,631 paꢀents. Endo-
crine. 2014; 47:537-42.
5. Macefield G, Burke D. Brain Paraesthesiae and tetany induced by
voluntary hypervenꢀlaꢀon. Increased excitability of human cuta-
neous and motor axons. Brain. 1991; 114:527-40.
6. Tohme JF, Bilezikian JP. Hypocalcemic emergencies. Endocrinol Me-
tab Clin North Am. 1993:363-75.
3
. Bliss RD, Gauger PG, Delbridge LW. Surgeon’s approach to the
thyroid gland: surgical anatomy and the importance of technique.
7- Noureldine SI, Genther DJ, López M, Agrawal N, Tufano RP. Early