A Alberca Páramo y col. Clostridium difficile causante de síndrome de distrés. Rev Argent Cirug 2020; 112(2):189-192
191
mg c/6 horas) o metronidazol oral (500 mg c/8 h du- disfunción mulꢀorgánica son a veces inevitables4.
6
rante 72 horas) . En pacientes críꢀcos o con intoleran-
Recientemente se ha iniciado el uso de dro-
2
,4
cia oral administraremos metronidazol intravenoso . trecogina alfa y fármacos anꢀrretrovirales como trata-
En casos refractarios se ha descripto el tras- miento del SDRA y la disfunción mulꢀorgánica (SDMO).
5
plante de microbiota fecal .
Como conclusión podemos indicar que, a pesar
Si tras el manejo anꢀbióꢀco no existe me- de su baja frecuencia, el SDRA secundario a C. difficile
joría o el paciente presenta megacolon tóxico, po- debería incluirse en el diagnósꢀco diferencial de insu-
demos realizar una colectomía subtotal. La cirugía ficiencia respiratoria aguda acompañada de deposicio-
se requiere en el 65-71%. El SDRA y el síndrome de nes diarreicas en el posoperatorio.
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ENGLISH VERSION
Clostridium difficile is an anaerobic, spore-
Due to the presence of acute respiratory
forming, gram-posiꢀve bacillus that produces distress syndrome (ARDS), diarrhea and stool tests
asymptomaꢀc colonizaꢀon of the gastrointesꢀnal tract. posiꢀve for C. difficile toxin, a diagnosis of ARDS
Clostridium difficile associated diarrhea can progress to secondary to Clostridium difficile associated was
1
toxic megacolon, sepsis, perforaꢀon, and even death . made and anꢀbioꢀc treatment was iniꢀated with oral
Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) due to vancomycin 500 mg every 12 hours and 500 mg of
Clostridium difficile is uncommon, parꢀcularly aꢃer intravenous (IV) metronidazole every 8 hours for 12
abdominal surgery.
We report the case of
days. Aꢃer 48 hours of anꢀbioꢀc treatment, the paꢀent
a
66-year-old evolved with clinical and radiological improvement and
female paꢀent who sought medical care at the was discharged one month aꢃer surgery (Fig.1).
emergency department due to fever, itching and
The pathology report demonstrated
a
jaundice for 72 hours. An endoscopic retrograde moderately differenꢀated bile duct adenocarcinoma
cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) reported a stricture with wide surgical margins and negaꢀve lymph nodes.
in the middle third of the common bile duct suggesꢀve
The triad diarrhea, abdominal pain and
of neoplasm (Bismuth I). The paꢀent underwent biliary leukocytosis associated with treatment with anꢀbioꢀcs
sphinterectomy with metal stent placement. The biliary should raise the suspicion of Clostridium difficile
cytology was negaꢀve for malignancy.
associated coliꢀs. The development of toxic megacolon
A computed tomography (CT) scan revealed secondary to Clostridium difficile is due to translocaꢀon
2
severe intrahepaꢀc and extrahepaꢀc bile duct dilaꢀon of the germ toxin into the portal venous system .
(13.5 mm) with concentric wall thickening at the caudal
Advanced age, immunosuppression, intesꢀnal
side of the common bile duct at the inserꢀon of the ischemia, malnutriꢀon, bowel tumors and recent use
cysꢀc duct, suggesꢀve of a tumor. The laboratory tests of anꢀbioꢀcs are risk factors for Clostridium difficile
2
revealed total bilirubin 9.9 mg/dL (0.3-1.2), CA 19-9: associated coliꢀs .
2
1.8 U/mL (< 37).
In case of suspecꢀng an infecꢀon by Clostridium
A diagnosis of cholangiocarcinoma was made, difficile, a polymerase chain- reacꢀon-based (PCR)
and the paꢀent underwent scheduled surgery. A mass method should be performed for molecular typing. The
was found in the head, neck and uncinate process of sample is obtained from stools and cultured to idenꢀfy
pancreas; the intraoperaꢀve biopsy reported distal bile Clostridium difficile toxin and the corresponding strain.
duct carcinoma. Endotracheal sucꢀon was performed The enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA)
using a closed system. The surgical procedure lasted for Clostridium difficile toxin A and B is rapid but less
4
.5 hours and consisted of pancreaꢀcoduodenectomy sensiꢀve.
with lymph node resecꢀon and reconstrucꢀon with There are few case reports of ARDS secondary
gastrojejunostomy and Roux-en-Y hepaꢀcojejunostomy. to C. difficile and none aꢃer a surgery (Table 1).
During surgery, there was no need to administrate
late diagnosis5 c2ontributes to rapid
2
A
vasoacꢀve drugs or blood products. Aꢃer surgery, progression to MODS and ARDS .
orotracheal secreꢀons were sucꢀoned and the
orotracheal tube was removed.
The
most
common
gastrointesꢀnal
complicaꢀons aꢃer total pancreatectomy are abscesses,
On postoperaꢀve day 4, the paꢀent presented postoperaꢀve bleeding and delayed gastric emptying.
hyperglycemia, atrial fluꢄer with high ventricular The development of ARDS is feasible but is extremely
response (150 bpm), increased respiratory work and rare due to Clostridium difficile associated coliꢀs.
oxygen saturaꢀon of 65%. The chest X-ray showed
bilateral pulmonary infiltrates and arterial blood gas to pneumonia and sepsis (>80%) ; thus, early diagnosis
test revealed hypoxemic respiratory failure. The paꢀent and treatment is extremely important.
was admiꢄed to the intensive care unit (ICU) and was
treated with broad-spectrum anꢀbioꢀcs: piperacillin 4 be stopped . Mechanical venꢀlaꢀon is the main
g/ tazobactam 0.5 g every 6 hours. therapeuꢀc opꢀon together with oral vancomycin
The mortality rate of ARDS is 40%, mainly due
3
Once the diagnosis is made, anꢀbioꢀcs should
5
3