Sastre I y col. Estadificación quirúrgica del cáncer de pulmón de células no pequeñas. Rev Argent Cir 2023;115(3):223-232
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evaluated), which is within the range described in the
literature. Of these paꢀents, 90.4% (19 of 21) also had
mediasꢀnal lymph node involvement, with a staꢀsꢀcally
significant associaꢀon between the presence of N2
metastases and supraclavicular involvement. In these
paꢀents, 58% (11 paꢀents) had N2 single-staꢀon and
■
FIGURE 4
4
2% (8 paꢀents) had N2 mulꢀ-staꢀon/bulky disease.
This means that mediasꢀnal lymph node involvement
is strongly related with and, in general, precedes non-
palpable supraclavicular disease, without significant
differences between N2 single-staꢀon and N2 mulꢀ-
staꢀon/bulky. When compared with the literature,
the publicaꢀon by Lee and Ginsberg and by Ohno et
al. also demonstrate that mediasꢀnal disease oꢁen
predicts occult supraclavicular involvement. However,
the former study demonstrated that contralateral
mediasꢀnal lymph node involvement was more strongly
associated with N3 supraclavicular disease while the
laꢄer found that the incidence of N3 supraclavicular
disease was more strongly associated with N2 mulꢀ-
Absence of central tumor
Absence of N3 disease
Presence of central tumor
Presence of N3 disease
Relaꢀon between the presence/absence of N3 supraclavicular disea-
se and absence/presence of central tumor
intrathoracic diseases and that biopsy can frequently
provide the same diagnosꢀc and prognosꢀc
informaꢀon as do palpable nodes. Later, the first
reports demonstraꢀng the presence of metastaꢀc non-
palpable supraclavicular nodes in lung cancer started
to be published in the mid-20th century . Harken et al.
reported 31 (39.8%) posiꢀve supraclavicular biopsies in
7,8
staꢀon involvement . When compared with our
results, paꢀents with N2-mulꢀstaꢀon/bulky disease
evaluated by our team showed N3 supraclavicular
disease in 47%, which indicates a non-significant trend.
We have also found 2 cases of supraclavicular
4
N3 skip metastasis, which represents 20% of total
negaꢀve mediasꢀnoscopies. In both paꢀents the
tumor was in the right upper lobe. Due to the mulꢀple
connecꢀons that exist between the lymphaꢀc channels,
mediasꢀnal metastases may occur in any mediasꢀnal
lymph node independently of the anatomical origin of
the tumor, although they are more common in tumors
5
7
8 paꢀents with known or suspected lung carcinoma .
In the study by B. N. Josephs, 16 (27%) of 59 non-
palpable lymph nodes in paꢀents with lung cancer
6
showed metastaꢀc disease .
st
Moving towards the 21 century, in 1996
Lee and Ginsber combined cervical mediasꢀnoscopy
with supraclavicular lymph node biopsy through the
same incision using the mediasꢀnoscope in paꢀents
with lung carcinoma when contralateral N2 or N3
disease was strongly suspected or idenꢀfied. Of 81
paꢀents evaluated, 58 had mediasꢀnal lymph node
involvement, and of these, 19 (32.8%) also had occult
supraclavicular lymph node disease. Tumors were all
centrally located, of non-squamous origin, and most
15
located in the upper lobes . There are no strong data
to show the incidence and reveal the outcome of this
type of skip metastasis (supraclavicular N3 without N2),
but we may say that, although the percentage was not
low, one limitaꢀon is that the study was performed in a
single center and the number of paꢀents is small.
Mediasꢀnoscopy and supraclavicular lymph
node resecꢀon have been performed on the same side
as the major lung tumor in all the cases, except for those
located in the leꢁ lower lobe, as this lobe, more than
any other lobe, is the lobe with the highest propensity
7
were right lung tumors . More recently, Ohno et al.
detected involvement in only 5% of non-palpable
supraclavicular lymph nodes in paꢀents with non-small
cell carcinoma without distant disease, suggesꢀng that
9
to metastasize to the contralateral mediasꢀnal nodes .
biopsies at this level should be limited to appropriately In fact, of the paꢀents with N3 supraclavicular disease,
8
selected cases .
As we have already menꢀoned, cervical metastases in the right supraclavicular lymph node.
mediasꢀnoscopy is sꢀll the surgical method most used
Primary tumor site, central locaꢀon and size
the only paꢀent with a tumor in the leꢁ lower lobe had
fornodalstagingduetoitshighsensiꢀvityandspecificity were other characterisꢀcs evaluated in non-palpable
when performed by experienced surgeons. The rate of N3 supraclavicular disease. Although almost all tumors
lymph node involvement is high, between 20 and 25%, occurred in the right upper lobes and mean tumor size
in paꢀents with no evidence of mediasꢀnal disease on was > 3 cm, we only found a significant associaꢀon
CT images but with central tumors or suspected N1 between central locaꢀon and occult supraclavicular
disease10. However, resecꢀon of the supraclavicular disease. Shatzlein et al. detected N3 supraclavicular
nodes has fallen into disuse.
disease in 29% of paꢀents with central carcinoma
In this study we performed both procedures measuring 3 cm or more in diameter, suggesꢀng
1
0
within the same operaꢀve ꢀme and found posiꢀve that these may be the indicaꢀons , but Ohno et al.
N3 supraclavicular disease in 35% (21 of the 60 cases found that N3 supraclavicular disease may exist even