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RD Algieri. Trauma, emergencias, en ꢁempos de COVID-19. Rev Argent Cirug 2020;112(3):222-224
suspended or performed from home, due to the need
for social distancing.
The shock room, the operaꢀng room and the
criꢀcal care unit have been considered scenarios whe-
re health care workers are exposed to the greatest risk
of infecꢀon since some procedures performed in these
areas are potenꢀally sources of aerosols. For this rea-
son, the number of professionals essenꢀal for paꢀent
care was limited, maintaining the concept that the lea-
der should have the greatest skills and experience to
provide care. In addiꢀon, such procedures on paꢀents
with suspected or confirmed COVID-19 should ideally
be performed in areas prepared with negaꢀve pressure.
The emergency operaꢀng room underwent
The COVID-19 pandemic is intertwined with
the epidemic triggered by trauma (a condiꢀon clearly
neglected in developing countries). Trauma is the lea-
ding cause of mortality worldwide among people < 45
years and it is esꢀmated that approximately 10% of
annual deaths worldwide are due to trauma. Between
2
012 and 2020 the WHO set out acꢀons to prevent
violence; yet more than 90% of these deaths occur in
low- and middle-income countries where prevenꢀve
measures are oꢁen not sufficiently implemented and
where the health systems are less prepared to meet the
challenge. Trauma contributes to the vicious circle of
poverty with economic and social consequences that
affect individuals, communiꢀes and socieꢀes. In the
trauma and emergency care departments, surgeons,
clinicians and emergency physicians take care of the-
se paꢀents who are admiꢂed together with COVID-19
paꢀents, following the protocols established in the
other specific changes. Endotracheal intubaꢀon is an
aerosol-generaꢀng procedure, and only the anesthe-
siologist and the minimum required staff should be in
the operaꢀng room during the procedure, aꢁer which
the surgical team can enter wearing level 3 personal
protecꢀon equipment. Tracheotomy is another aero-
sol-generaꢀng procedure, so its indicaꢀon is highly con-
troversial. Occasionally, excessive secreꢀons in these
paꢀents cause airway tamponade that requires urgent
bronchoscopy or tube replacement, with the resulꢀng
risk of viral spread. An elecꢀve procedure can minimize
the risk and cannula replacement is more rapid, sim-
ple and safer. Some centers decided to perform these
procedures in the ICU, thus limiꢀng the interrupꢀon of
closed-loop venꢀlaꢀon and prevenꢀng possible conta-
minaꢀon during in-hospital transport. In addiꢀon, open
surgical or hybrid approaches have been described to
limit aerosol generaꢀon, minimizing bleeding complica-
ꢀons and bronchoscopy ꢀme. The steps are performed
using a transparent device, ideally with negaꢀve pres-
sure since trachea is opened. Other aerosol-generaꢀng
procedures include gastrointesꢀnal endoscopies and la-
paroscopy. Several recommendaꢀons have been made
for laparoscopy: use of smoke and gas evacuators,
highly effecꢀve anꢀbacterial/anꢀviral filtraꢀon systems
(which are also used in endotracheal intubaꢀon and
placement of pleural drains), and the use a closed sys-
tem connected to a container with sodium hypochlorite
soluꢀon for sucꢀon and evacuaꢀon of gases.
"
Advanced Trauma Life Support" Program © (ATLS).
This program, which is working in Argenꢀna since 1989,
has standardized that the professionals who assist the
vicꢀms must use the appropriate personal protecꢀon
equipment.
Given the massive aꢂendance of paꢀents to
the emergency rooms, the hospitals have implemen-
ted standards for the management of bed availability;
therefore, they are operaꢀng under emergency triage
algorithms. Elecꢀve surgeries were canceled based on
the expected increase in the number of paꢀents. The
hospital wards were reorganized and divided into CO-
VID-19 and non-COVID-19 areas. Trauma cases and
blood product supplies have decreased due to man-
datory social isolaꢀon. However, there is a permanent
concern for the health situaꢀon due to the possibility of
reducing the restricꢀons before the hospital resources
return to normal and receive a great number of trauma
paꢀents superimposed on COVID-19(+) cases. This is a
major challenge as the emergency surgical team was
set up as a workforce available to serve in other roles
because of the dynamic redistribuꢀon of the personnel
required by social distancing and isolaꢀon due to infec-
Trauma and surgical emergencies are sꢀll inevi-
table even in the context of the pandemic; therefore,
their management (conservaꢀve vs. surgical approach)
and control (either in an outpaꢀent or inpaꢀent basis)
must be approached with common sense and ꢀming,
avoiding delays, considering all the paꢀents COVID-19
posiꢀve cases, opꢀmizing resources and preserving the
health of paꢀents and healthcare workers.
ꢀ
on. Thus, work became more difficult due to the need
for prior training and use of personal protecꢀon measu-
res and isolaꢀon devices. For this reason, many emer-
gency surgeons took updaꢀng courses and modules for
developing skills in the care of COVID-19 paꢀents.