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RI Chullmir. El carácter cienꢂꢃco de la Cirugía. Historia y Filosoꢄa. Rev Argent Cirug 2020;112(4):459-468
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died aꢄer its removal. But the cases were only a few no different from that in other mammals . However,
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3
due to an incomplete resecꢂon technique .
this ꢂme his research showed something new; if thyroid
In those mountainous areas, goiter was a ꢂssue was temporarily transplanted to the abdomen,
common disease, and the advance of surgery had made animals with typical symptoms of myxedema soon
it a topic of interest to surgeons. However, the resecꢂon reverted their effects. Schiff suggested preparing “a
was very complicated due to rudimentary techniques; thyroid paste” for injecꢂons in operated paꢂents,
the scalpel edge was not sharp enough, the type of but explained that his laboratory condiꢂons were not
forceps available forced to take large porꢂons of ꢂssue, suitable for such a project2 . .
6,27
and bleeding was difficult to manage. Either because
of bleeding or infecꢂon, the result was very bad, and on thyroid juice in paꢂents he had operated on. Soon
therefore it was suggested to stop performing it. the comments came to the fore. With amazement, a
With rigorous technique and new miraculous transformaꢂon was witnessed. In a short
In 1892, Kocher started an oral therapy based
a
instruments, Kocher had managed to remove the enꢂre ꢂme, paꢂents changed their physical and mental
thyroid gland and, based on his posiꢂve outcomes, the condiꢂon, and turned into normal people.
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procedure began to be performed all over the world .
Kocher proposed to work ex juvanꢂbus***,
However, reports of the ꢁrst paꢂents suffering that is, to offer thyroid extract to the paꢂents.in case of
from “creꢂnous” changes –apparently due to the diagnosꢂcdoubt.Ifthesubstancehelpedandthepaꢂent
absence of the thyroid gland– raised concern. The Swiss improved, the case was labeled as hypothyroidism.
surgeon Jacques-Louis Reverdin (1842-1929) called Deꢁning the disease based on the response to a
it operaꢁng myxedema, because of the similarity to treatment was a true diagnosꢂc innovaꢂon.
myxedema.
Kocher’s research had a great impact on the
Kocher acknowledged the problem during a physiology of thyroid, and he received the Nobel Prize
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congress. He recalled the case of a girl whom he had for Medicine and Physiology in 1909 .
operated eight years ago. Strictly speaking, the story
had begun six months aꢄer the procedure. The village Analysis
clinician, in charge of the girl’s follow up, had wriꢅen
to Kocher saying that she had been undergoing severe
In the epistemic analysis of the techniques, the
changes since the operaꢂon. The girl, always of good idea of “failure or anomaly” is key.
height and weight, intelligent and sharp, was becoming
slow and overweight. Almost an idiot.
“As long as technics succeed, on the contrary,
scienꢂꢁc thought is not called upon to emerge. When
Determined to invesꢂgate, he sent leꢅers to technics fail, science is near. Science corresponds to a
the rest of his paꢂents to follow-up their condiꢂon. All problemaꢂc formulated at the level of technics, but
of them presented with the same paꢅern of physical unable to ꢁnd a soluꢂon at the technical level.” (29).
and mental deterioraꢂon. Only two paꢂents had not
We are not talking about an error or events
suffered alteraꢂons, but had developed recurrent that occur as a result of a negligent acꢂon. What is
goiter.
important here is the novelty emerging aꢄer properly
(…) Not before four or ꢃve months (from the performed technical procedures. Treated paꢂents not
operaꢁon), paꢁents began to complain of faꢁgue, responding as expected. In an epistemic community
weakness, and heaviness. (...) Their mental alertness avid for knowledge, this novelty poses hypotheses to
decreased. It was noꢁced by teachers of school-aged explain what happened, triggering new theories that
children. (…) Children who were among the brightest will be conꢁrmed experimentally. (30, 31, 32, 33, 34,
regressed (…) many of them who were aware of losing 35, 36, 37)
their skills (…) asked their mothers to stay home and not
go to school because of their frustraꢁon (…) I prefer, for
the ꢁme being, to give an enꢁrely innocuous name for
this symptom-complex (...) I will use the name “cachexia
strumipriva*.”
In a diagram:
Analysis and
explanaꢃon of facts
Scienꢃꢁc
Therapy
theory
César Lorenzano called this process epistemic
What did this disease have to do with the cycle. Through a paradigmaꢂc exemplar, he explains
operaꢂon? It was not known. But “it is not necessary to how technical discipline produces scienꢂꢁc
a
38
knowledge . (Fig. 1)
live in a land of creꢂns to become myxedematous**.”
What was certain was that surgeons should be
warned not to conꢂnue performing total thyroidectomy,
at least unꢂl research was completed. But it was Conclusions
necessary to prove that the origin of the “spontaneous”
cases was the same as the origin for operated paꢂents.
The scienꢂꢁc nature of surgery is determined
Kocher asked Moritz Schiff to conꢂnue his by the type of research involved. Every acꢂon the
research. Schiff again proved what he already knew: surgeon performs is jusꢂꢁed by theoreꢂcal elaboraꢂon.
the effect of complete thyroidectomy in humans was
Historically, we have managed to situate the