I Kent y cols. Fisura anal: anatomía, patogenia y tratamiento. Rev Argent Cirug 2020;112(4):388-396
395
that there was no staꢀsꢀcally significant difference in up to the level of the proximal extent of the fissure.
fissure healing or recurrence between BT and GTN. The perianal incision is then closed with an absorbable
BT was associated with a higher rate of transient anal suture.
inconꢀnence (OR = 2.53, 95% CI 0.98-6.57, P = 0.06)
Complicaꢀons from internal sphincterotomy
but significantly fewer total side effects (OR = 0.12, 95% are rare and include pain, bleeding, urinary retenꢀon,
CI 0.02-0.63, P = 0.01) and headache (OR = 0.10, 95% abscess, and fistula formaꢀon and delayed wound
9
CI 0.02-0.60, P = 0.01) compared with GTN . There is a healing. A much more worrisome complicaꢀon is
considerable variaꢀon among clinicians in the injecꢀon inconꢀnence. The overall incidence of inconꢀnence in
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site and also in the amount of toxin used. Opꢀon for a recent meta-analysis was reported at 3.4 to 4.4% .
injecꢀon sites include into the internal sphincter, into Surgical therapy, however, was associated with shorter
the intersphinteric grove, into the fissure directly or ꢀme to symptomaꢀc relief, higher rates of healing,
on either side of the fissure. The amount of toxin used lower rates of recurrence and with a success rate of
is typically 20 units, but some researches have shown over 95%.
higher success rates aꢃer injecꢀng 40 units, with no
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increase in complicaꢀons . In a meta-analysis aimed Closed lateral internal sphincterotomy
to evaluate dose dependent efficacy, a total number
of BT units per session ranged from 5 to 150 IU. The
With this technique, a narrow blade scalpel is
authors did not observe a dose-dependent efficiency, inserted into the intersphinteric groove and advanced
postoperaꢀve inconꢀnence rate was not related to the unꢀl the ꢀp of the blade is up at the same level as the
BT dosage and also no difference in healing rate was apex of the fissure (Figure 4). The ꢀp is then turned to
observed in regard to the site and number of injecꢀons face the IAS, and muscle division is preformed during
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per session .
scalpel withdrawal. Several superficial passes may
be needed to accomplish the needed muscle fiber
transecꢀon. Due to the small size of the defect in the
anoderm, suture closure is not needed. Complicaꢀons
rate are low and are comparable to those encountered
Operaꢁve treatment
In more chronic condiꢀons, or in fissures with the open technique.
recalcitrant to medical treatment, surgical procedures
may be the only treatment of anal fissures. In the Advancement flap
past, posterior sphincterotomy was recommended,
but this approach resulted in
a
“keyhole”
Fissurectomy with a dermal advancement flap,
deformity. Eisenhammer described a lateral internal is indicated in some instances where a fissure exists
sphincterotomy and this approach has been widely without a hypertonic sphincter or a sphincterotomy is
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accepted . With a very high healing rate, some reports contraindicated. This procedure entails excision of the
as high as 95% in some reports, internal sphincterotomy fissure, converꢀng a chronic fissure to an acute fissure
has become the gold standard for the treatment of while maintaining the integrity of the IAS. This is then
anal fissures, which all other treatment opꢀons are followed by the transfer of well-vascularized skin flap
compared to.
into the anal canal to cover the anal fissure base and
sutured in place. A meta-analysis comparing lateral
internal sphincterotomy to advancement flap, with 150
paꢀents in each group, showed higher rate of unhealed
Open lateral internal sphincterotomy
This procedure is preformed while the paꢀent fissures associated with an advancement flap, but
is in either the lithotomy or prone jack knife posiꢀons. the difference failed to reach staꢀsꢀcal significance
The authors prefer the laꢄer as this allows beꢄer (OR=2.21, 95%CI=0.25to19.33, p=.47), Advancement
exposure. General or MAC anesthesia is administered flap was also associated with a staꢀsꢀcally significantly
and is supplemented by a local block with bupivacaine lower rate of inconꢀnence compared to sphincterotomy
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and epinephrine. The local block allows relaxaꢀon of (OR = 0.06, 95% CI = 0.01 to 0.36, p = .002) .
the sphincter and facilitates surgery. An anal retractor
is used and idenꢀficaꢀon of internal sphincter and the
intersphincteric groove is achieved. This is followed Future treatment
by an incision in the perianal skin overlying the
intersphinteric groove. A fine instrument is then used
A promising novel approach with the use of
and inserted into the intersphinteric plane and the regeneraꢀve medicine was described by Andjelkov and
internal sphincter is isolated up to the dentate line coworkers. Autologous adipose derived regeneraꢀve
(
Figure 3). The internal sphincter is then divided either cells were used to treat chronic anal fissures. The
with fine scissors or electrocautery. Classically, the authors reported complete healing of anal fissures in
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muscle is divided up to the dentate line, but modified all twelve paꢀents treated aꢃer 3 months . In another
sphincterotomy is preformed by dividing the sphincter pilot study, autologous adipose ꢀssue transplant has